FreeBSD 6.0架設管理與應用
作者：王俊斌
ISBN：957-527-878-X
出版社：博碩文化
<版權所有，非經授權請勿轉載>
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FreeBSD 6.0架設管理與應用
作者：王俊斌
ISBN：957-527-878-X
出版社：博碩文化
<版權所有，非經授權請勿轉載>
|
C.1 The FreeBSD Copyright
Copyright 1994-2002 FreeBSD, Inc. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE FREEBSD PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS or IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FREEBSD PROJECT or CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, or CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS or SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, or PROFITS; or BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, or TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE or OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project or FreeBSD, Inc.
C.2 The 4.4 BSD Copyright
All of the documentation and software included in the 4.4BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite Releases is copyrighted by The Regents of the University of California.
Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS or IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS or CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, or CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS or SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, or PROFITS; or BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, or TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE or OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.
In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation.
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in the second BSD Networking Software Release, from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments (POSIX), copyright C 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee document.
In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions of the system documentation.
This material is reproduced with permission from American National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.
The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California.
C.3 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED or IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR or CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW or AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, or ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL or CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE or INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA or DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE or LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU or THIRD PARTIES or A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER or OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) yyyy name of authorThis program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
interest in the program `Gnomovision'
(which makes passes at compilers) written
by James Hacker.signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
C.4 GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
[This is the first released version of the library GPL. It is
numbered 2 because it goes with version 2 of the ordinary GPL.]
Preamble
he licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.
This license, the Library General Public License, applies to some specially designated Free Software Foundation software, and to any other libraries whose authors decide to use it. You can use it for your libraries, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the library, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave you. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. If you link a program with the library, you must provide complete object files to the recipients so that they can relink them with the library, after making changes to the library and recompiling it. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
Our method of protecting your rights has two steps: (1) copyright the library, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library.
Also, for each distributor's protection, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free library. If the library is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original version, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that companies distributing free software will individually obtain patent licenses, thus in effect transforming the program into proprietary software. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the ordinary GNU General Public License, which was designed for utility programs. This license, the GNU Library General Public License, applies to certain designated libraries. This license is quite different from the ordinary one; be sure to read it in full, and don't assume that anything in it is the same as in the ordinary license.
The reason we have a separate public license for some libraries is that they blur the distinction we usually make between modifying or adding to a program and simply using it. Linking a program with a library, without changing the library, is in some sense simply using the library, and is analogous to running a utility program or application program. However, in a textual and legal sense, the linked executable is a combined work, a derivative of the original library, and the ordinary General Public License treats it as such.
Because of this blurred distinction, using the ordinary General Public License for libraries did not effectively promote software sharing, because most developers did not use the libraries. We concluded that weaker conditions might promote sharing better.
However, unrestricted linking of non-free programs would deprive the users of those programs of all benefit from the free status of the libraries themselves. This Library General Public License is intended to permit developers of non-free programs to use free libraries, while preserving your freedom as a user of such programs to change the free libraries that are incorporated in them. (We have not seen how to achieve this as regards changes in header files, but we have achieved it as regards changes in the actual functions of the Library.) The hope is that this will lead to faster development of free libraries.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. Pay close attention to the difference between a "work based on the library" and a "work that uses the library". The former contains code derived from the library, while the latter only works together with the library.
Note that it is possible for a library to be covered by the ordinary General Public License rather than by this special one.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Library's complete source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and distribute a copy of this License along with the Library.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
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These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Library, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Library, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
12. If the distribution and/or use of the Library is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Library under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
13. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the Library General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Library specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library does not specify a license version number, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
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NO WARRANTY
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries
If you develop a new library, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, we recommend making it free software that everyone can redistribute and change. You can do so by permitting redistribution under these terms (or, alternatively, under the terms of the ordinary General Public License).
To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the library's name and an idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) year name of author
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Library General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
License along with this library; if not, write to the
Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the library, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in
the library `Frob' (a library for tweaking knobs) written
by James Random Hacker.
signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1990
Ty Coon, President of Vice
That's all there is to it!
如果您想要自行製作 FreeBSD 安裝光碟，您可以自各大 FTP 站台下載 FreeBSD 回來自行燒錄。FreeBSD 各個 RELEASE 版本推出時，都會將光碟的 ISO 檔釋出，如果您要燒錄 RELEASE 版的開機光碟，必須自 ftp 站台下載 ISO 檔。如果您所要燒錄的版本是 STABLE 版，通常都沒有 ISO 檔可以下載，我們必須自行選擇所要燒錄的檔案回來燒錄。在這裡我們就分別針對 RELEASE 及 STABLE 版本的光碟燒錄來加以說明。我們使用的燒錄軟體是 NERO，您可以自 http://www.nero.com 下載試用版本。
B.1 燒錄 RELEASE 版安裝光碟
首先，請到離您最近的 FTP 站台下載所需的 ISO 檔，以 FreeBSD 5.2.1-RELEASE 為例，我們以 FTP 軟體至 ftp://freebsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw/pub/ISO-IMAGES-i386/5.2.1/ 目錄下，您可以看到以下幾個檔案：
| 檔案 | 說明 |
| 5.2.1-disc1.iso | FreeBSD 安裝光碟，包含常用的 packages。 |
| 5.2.1-mini.iso | FreeBSD 安裝光碟，只有安裝必備檔，不含常用的 packages。 |
| 5.2.1-disc2.iso | 修復光碟，可以開機並可自光碟執行系統指令。 |
| 5.2.1-disc3.iso | 包含更多的 package 軟體。 |
| 5.2.1-disc4.iso | 包含更多的 package 軟體。 |
| CHECKSUM.MD5 | 各個 ISO 檔的 MD5 檢查結果。 |
我們選擇第一個 INSTALL 光碟下載後，將檔名改成 5.2.1-disc1.nrg 後，請依下列步驟進行燒錄：
步驟一：進入 NERO 後，使用 [File]->[Open] 開啟檔案
圖 B-1
步驟二：選擇檔案類型為 CD-Image(*.nrg)，並選取檔案。
圖 B-2
接著將出現下列畫面，直接選 OK 即可：
圖 b-3
步驟三：進入燒錄。我們點選 Finalize 將 CD 終結，並選 Write 進行燒錄，如此便可以燒錄出一片具光碟開機能力的 FreeBSD 光碟。
圖 B-4
B.2 燒錄 STABLE 版安裝光碟
由於 STABLE 版並沒有 ISO 檔可以下載，因此我們必須自行選擇要下載的檔案。我們以燒錄 4.9-STABLE-20031202-JPSNAP 版為例，請以 FTP 軟體連接到 ftp://freebsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw/pub/FreeBSD/snapshots/4.9-STABLE-20031202-JPSNAP 目錄下，我們要選取除了下列二個目錄外的所有檔案：
| 目錄 | 說明 |
| 4.9-STABLE-20031202-JPSNAP | 如果選了這個目錄，將一直重覆的下載所有目錄。 |
| packages | 由於 packages 目錄鏈結到其他目錄下，而且檔案很多，無法完全裝入光碟中。 |
圖 B-5
下載完成後，就可以使用下例步驟來燒錄了：
步驟一：打開 NERO，選擇燒錄可開機光碟，如下圖：
圖 B-6
接著選取開機映象檔所在，請先選 Image file，再按 Browse去下載完後 STABLE 版的 floppies目錄中，選取 boot.flp 這個檔來當開機檔：
圖 B-7
接著選取 "Enable expert settings"，再將 "Kind of emulation" 設為 2.88MB。然後就可以按 NEW 來加入要燒錄的檔案。
步驟二：我們將該來下載的所有檔案加入燒錄清單後，就可以執行寫入了。
圖 B-8
步驟三：寫入 CD。在上圖中執行 "Write CD" 後，將出現下列畫面，我們直接選取 "Write" 即可進入燒錄。如此便完成 STABLE 版安裝光碟的製作了。
圖 B-9
/etc 是 FreeBSD 系統主要設定檔所在，了解這個目錄下的檔案及其格式，對於我們管理及使用 FreeBSD 將有更深入的認識。因此，以下我們就分別說明一下這些檔案。
一個個讀這些設定檔的說明也許有點枯燥，因此，我們將這個章節放在附錄中，您可以在有需要時再來參考即可。
A.1 aliases：設定郵件收件者別名
/etc/aliases 是用以告知 sendmail 要將信轉給哪個使用者或是交由哪個程式處理。請注意，修改完這個檔案後，必須使用指令 newaliases 來讓所做的修改在 sendmail 中發生作用。這個檔案是用來設定郵件的別名，也就是可以設定要將某人的信件轉給其他地方(人員或程式)。你也可以將某人的信轉給很多人，這個檔案的位置是由 sendmail.cf 檔案中的 AliasFile 這個選項所決定的。當 sendmail 收到信時，會一行一行比對，當第一行符合後，就不會再繼續下去，所以應注意優先順序。
本檔案的語法開頭的 "#" 代表該行是註解，大小寫都視為一樣。以下為幾個設定的範例：
當設定了一堆複雜的別名之後，我們要看最後信會寄到哪裡時，可以使用下面指令來看寄給 username 的信最後寄給誰：
# sendmail -bv username
aliases 檔中將很多東西都轉向 root，因此你可以去讀 root 的信箱或是將 root 的信轉給別的地方，下面這一行是將 root 的信都轉給 my@my.domain：
root: me@my.domain |
當郵件無法送出被退回時給使用者時，都是以 MAILER-DEAMON 為帳號寄出。因為使用者可能會回覆那封被退回的信，所以這個別名是必備的。而 postmaster 則負責處理所有關於郵件問題的信件，因此也是必備的，一定要保留下面二行，這是必要的系統基本設定：
MAILER-DAEMON: postmaster
postmaster: root
|
在修改完 /etc/aliases 之後，我們必須執行下列指令來更新資料：
# newaliases
A.2 crontab：設定定時執行工作
在 UNIX 系統中，有一個背景程式會定時執行一些工作，系統管理者可以修改這個檔案以設定定期執行的工作。/etc/crontab 可以讓管理者設定要以什麼使用者的身份去執行定時工作，而一般使用者如果要設定定時執行工作時，可以使用指令 crontab -e 來編輯自己的定時執行工作。
以下為 /etc/crontab 的內容說明：
# 設定使用的 shell, 路徑
SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/etc:/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
# 設定執行指令時的目錄
HOME=/var/log
# 當指令有輸出資料時，要將輸出的東西寄給誰。
MAILTO=""
#
# 分 小時 天 月 星期幾 身份 指令
#minute hour mday month wday who command
#
*/5 * * * * root /usr/libexec/atrun
|
小時的欄位中如果是 *，表示每小時，天的欄位中如果是 *，表示每天，依此類推。欄位中也可以使用 "-" 來表示範圍。例如，在小時的欄位中填 8-11，表示執行的時間是 8,9,10,11，共四次。
欄位中也可以用逗點來表示，以分的欄位而言， 1,2,5,9 表示將在 1,2,5,9 分時各執行一次。我們也可以寫成像這樣 1-2,12-14 ，表示在 1,2,12,13,14 分各執行一次。
另外，也可以用 / 後面加數字表示每幾分鐘要執行一次。如在分的欄位填 0-23/2，表示 1-22 分之間，每隔二分鐘執行一次，也就是 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22。如果在分的欄位是 */5，表示每五分鐘一次。
除此之外，也可以用一個開頭為 @ 的字串來表示各種意義：
| 字串 | 代表意義 |
| @reboot | 開機時跑一次。 |
| @yearly | 每年跑一次，等於 "0 0 1 1 *"。 |
| @annually | 和 @yearly 一樣。 |
| @monthly | 每月跑一次，等於 "0 0 1 * *"，也就是每月一日半夜 12 點執行。 |
| @weekly | 每週跑一次，等於 "0 0 * * 0"，也就是每個週日半夜 12 點執行。 |
| @daily | 每天跑一次，等於 "0 0 * * *"，也就是每天半夜 12 點執行。 |
| @midnight | 和 @daily 一樣。 |
| @hourly | 每小時跑一次，等於 "0 * * * *"。 |
另外，我們還可以在檔案中以「key = value」的方式設定在執行指令時的環境變數。例如，一般指令有輸出執行結果時，會自動寄給 root，我們也可以設定「MAILTO = ""」表示不要將輸出結果寄出。以下為幾個時間設定的範例：
# 分 小時 天 月 星期幾 身份 指令
#minute hour mday month wday who command
#
# 設定每 5 分鐘執行一次atrun。
*/5 * * * * root /usr/libexec/atrun
# 設定每天一點零一分時執行 /bin/check
1 1 * * * root /bin/check
# 設定每週一 3:11 分執行 week_check
11 3 * * 1 root /usr/local/week_check
# 設定每天一點及四點的零到二十三分中間，每二分鐘執行一次 something。
0-23/2 1,4 * * root /bin/something
|
一般使用者的 crontab 會放在 /var/cron/tabs 目錄中，所以如果要備份或升級時，應該要注意這些檔案是否要備份。
|
A.3 csh.cshrc：Tcsh 使用者登入後的 shell 環境設定
這是給 Shell csh、tcsh 用的內定 .cshrc 檔案，也就是進入該 Shell 時會載入的設定。所有使用 csh 及 tcsh 的使用者登入後，系統都會自動載入這個檔案中的設定，若使用者自己的家目錄中的 .cshrc 和 csh.cshrc 有相同的設定，則會以使用者家目錄中的 .cshrc 為主。
# 檔案權限設定
umask 022
# 設定內定使用的文字編輯器為 ee
setenv EDITOR ee
# 設定當使用者打 ls 時，出來的結果是 ls -F 的結果
alias ls ls -F
# 設定當使用者打 cd.. 時，變成是打 cd ..
alias cd.. 'cd ..'
# 設定命令提示符號為 "主機名稱 [所在目錄] -使用者名稱->"
set prompt = "%B%m [%/] -%n-> "
|
這個檔案除了使用者登入時會載入外，如果使用者以 tcsh 或 csh 寫 shell scripts，在執行時也會載入這個檔案中的設定。
A.4 csh.login：Tcsh 使用者登入後的 shell 環境設定
這是給 csh、tcsh 用的內定 .login 檔案，使用者登入 shell 時會自動載入本檔中的設定。和 csh.cshrc 不同的時，這個檔案只有在使用者登入時才會載入，而執行 shell scripts 時不會使用這個檔。如果使用者家目錄中的 .login 設定和 csh.login 相衝突時，將以使用者家目錄中的 .login 設定為主。
# 要讀取系統訊息則將下面一行的 # 拿掉
# msgs -f
# 允許終端機訊息，設為 y 才可以使用 write 的指令，
# 傳送訊息給其他使用者
# mesg y
# 設定支援中文的終端機
setenv ENABLE_STARTUP_LOCALE zh_TW.Big5
setenv LC_CTYPE is_IS.ISO_8859-1
setenv LANG zh_TW.Big5
# 登入時顯示 FreeBSD Tip
[ -x /usr/games/fortune ] && /usr/games/fortune freebsd-tips
|
A.5 csh.logout：Tcsh 使用者登出時會執行的設定
這是給 Shell csh、tcsh 用的內定 .login 檔案，也就是離開該 Shell 時會執行這個檔案中的指令。在離開 Shell 時，Shell 會載入 /etc/csh.logout 及 ~/.logout 的設定。請 man csh。
A.6 defaults/periodic.conf：預設定時執行項目設定
這個檔定義了 /etc/periodic 目錄下哪些程式要定期執行。我們可以新增並編輯 /etc/periodic.conf 或 /etc/periodic.conf.local 來覆蓋這個檔案的設定。您可以 man periodic.conf 來得到更多的資訊。
A.7 defaults/rc.conf：預設的系統設定檔
系統開機時會讀取這個設定檔以決定應該執行哪些工作，例如網路設定、該執行哪些系統服務等。 /etc/defaults 目錄下的 rc.conf 中所有設定都是預設值，如果我們要修改，請新增 /etc/rc.conf 來加入你的設定，這樣在日後升級時我們的設定才不會覆蓋。如果 /etc/defaults/rc.conf 中的設定和 /etc/rc.conf 重覆時，會以 /etc/rc.conf 為主。另外，當我們執行 sysinstall 後所做的設定，也會被寫入 /etc/rc.conf 中。建議您可以讀一下 rc.conf 看看我們有哪些可以設定的項目。
rc.conf 有很多設定，例如網路卡 IP、hostname、firewall、要啟動什麼系統服務等，幾乎所有的系統設定都放在這個檔案中。FreeBSD 在開機時，會讀取 /etc/rc.conf 以決定要不要啟動某些服務，而當我們從 ports 中安裝程式時，通常安裝完後，我們也要設定這個檔才能讓該程式在開機時執行。例如，安裝完 SNMP 時，我們要在 /etc/rc.conf 中加入「snmpd_enable="YES"」，這樣一來 SNMP 才會在開機時啟動。
A.8 fbtab：設定使用者登入時對系統裝置的存取權限
fbtab 用來設定使用者登入對於系統裝置的存取權限。大多數的人都是使用虛擬的終端機，我們登入系統時所使用的 tty 是虛擬的終端機 ttyv0、ttyv1 等，FreeBSD 將這些系統裝置視為檔案，放在 /dev/ 中。例如，console 就是 /dev/console 這個檔，但該檔的擁有者是 root，而有的應用程式用要求使用 /dev/console 的存取權限，fbtab 這個檔案是用來定義當你從虛擬的終端機登入時，能自動取得某個裝置的權限。詳細說明請 man fbtab。
A.9 fstab：檔案系統的載入設定
這個檔案用來定義開機時要掛入的檔案分割區及各分割區的參數設定，例如，要掛入哪一個目錄中、掛入時的參數、備份時是否要備份等。
# 裝置名稱 掛入點 檔案系統 參數 Dump Pass#
/dev/ad0s1b none swap sw 0 0
/dev/ad0s1a / ufs rw 1 1
/dev/ad1s1f /home ufs rw 2 2
/dev/ad0s1e /usr ufs rw 2 2
/dev/ad1s1e /var ufs rw 2 2
/dev/acd0c /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0
proc /proc procfs rw 0
|
| 檔案系統格式 | 說明 |
| ufs | 本地的 UNIX 檔案系統。 |
| ext2fs | Linux EXT2 檔案格式。 |
| msdos | FAT/FAT32，DOS 相容的檔案系統。 |
| ntfs | Windows 的 NTFS。 |
| cd9660 | CD-ROM 的檔案系統。 |
| udf | DVD 資料光碟格式。 |
| nfs | 和 Sun Microsystems 相容的 "Network File System"。 |
| smbfs | CIFS/SMB 檔案格式，也就是 Windows 的網路芳鄰，請參考 Samba 網路芳鄰一章。 |
| mfs | 本地的 memory-based UNIX 檔案系統。 |
| swap | 用來作 swapping 的檔案系統。 |
| procfs | 用來存取執行程序(process)的檔案系統。 |
| kernfs | 用來存取核心參數(kernel parameter)的檔案系統。 |
| 參數 | 說明 |
| rw | 可讀可寫。 |
| ro | 只可讀不可寫。 |
| async | 所有資料以非同步方式完成。 |
| atime | 每次存取動作都更新檔案時間。 |
| auto | 能被 mount -a 自動掛入系統。 |
| dev | 解譯檔案系統特性與儲存裝置規格。 |
| exec | 允許檔案系統中的二進位元檔被執行。 |
| user | 允許一般user 掛入。 |
| sync | 所有資料以同步方式完成。 |
| sw | swap。 |
| noauto | 開機時不掛入。 |
| userquota | 使用者磁碟配額限制 (須 kernel 支援 quota)。 |
| groupquota | 群組磁碟配額限制 (須 kernel 支援 quota)。 |
A.10 ftpusers：設定哪些使用者不可以使用 FTP 登入
這個檔案用來定義哪些使用者不可以使用 FTP 登入，只要將使用者登入的帳號加入這個檔案中，該使用者就不能使用 FTP 登入系統了。例如，我們要讓使用者 tom 無法使用 FTP 來登入系統，只要在 fupusers 檔案開頭加入該使用者名稱。ftpusers 中也可以加入群組名稱，如果您不希望某個群組的使用者使用 FTP 登入，只要在該檔案中加入 @groupname 即可。開頭為 "@" 表示該行的設定為群組名稱。
# $FreeBSD: src/etc/ftpusers,v 1.6 1999/08/27 23:23:41 peter Exp $
#
# list of users disallowed any ftp access.
# read by ftpd(8).
@noftp
tom
root
toor
daemon
operator
bin
tty
kmem
games
news
man
bind
uucp
xten
pop
nobody
|
A.11 ftpchroot：設定哪些使用者登入後要限制根目錄
FreeBSD 內附的 FTP daemon 還有一個重要的功能，就是可以讓使用者登入後，只看得到自己的家目錄。如果在 ftpchroot 這個檔案中有該使用者名稱或以 "@" 為開頭的群組名稱，使用者登入後，根目錄就會是自己的家目錄，而無法切換目錄到非家目錄的其他系統目錄中。我們也可以設定將某個使用者或群組設定登入後只能在某一個固定的目錄中，詳細設定請參考「FTP 伺服器」一章的說明。
A.12 gettytab：終端機模式設定檔
這個檔案是終端機模式設定檔。在啟動終端機時 (例如，使用者登入系統時)，系統會讀取這個檔案中關於終端機的設定值。例如，我們可以修改這個檔案以設定使用者登入前的提示訊息。以下為該檔案 default 的部份：
# im= 就是別人連上你的機器時會看到的字串，其中 \r\n 表示換行
# 其中的%s %m %h %t 分別對應到 FreeBSD i386 alexwang.com ttyp0，
# 如果你不想顯示 FreeBSD ，就把 %s 拿掉。最後一行 if=/etc/issue
# 就是表如果沒有 issue 這個檔的話，就執行 default。
default:\
:cb:ce:ck:lc:fd#1000:im=\r\n%s/%m (%h) (%t)\r\n\r\n:sp#1200:\
:if=/etc/issue:
|
A.13 group：使用者群組設定檔
這個檔案記錄了系統中的使用者群組設定。詳細說明請參考「使用者管理」一章。我們要注意的是每一個群組的編號 (gid) 不可以重覆。另外，在 FreeBSD 中，如果使用者要具有 su 成 root 的權限，必須將該使用者加入 wheel 群組中。例如，我們要讓使用者 alex 可以 su 成 root 的權限，則在 group 檔中 wheel 群組後面加上 alex：
wheel:*:0:root,alex
daemon:*:1:
kmem:*:2:
sys:*:3:
|
A.14 host.conf：設定 DNS 查詢順序
這個檔案用來設定 DNS 查詢的順序。預設的查詢順序是先查詢 hosts 這個檔，再由 bind 向 DNS Server 查詢。如果有 NIS 的話，還要再加入 nis 那一行。
# $FreeBSD: src/etc/host.conf,v 1.6 1999/08/27 23:23:41 peter Exp $
# First try the /etc/hosts file
hosts
# Now try the nameserver next.
bind
# If you have YP/NIS configured, uncomment the next line
# nis
|
A.15 hosts：定義常用的機器名稱對映
我們可以將常用的機器名稱及 IP 對映寫在這個檔案中，以節省向 DNS Server 查詢的時間。如果你的主機有多個 domain name，將你最喜歡的放在最前面，這樣寄信時才會出現該 domain name。
在設定時，檔案中最少要有 localhost 和自己的 domain name。hosts 的格式如下：
IP 位址 正式的主機名稱 別名
別名的用意在於，使用時可以用比較簡單的名稱來連線到該機器。例如，我們設定了 bbs.ba.mgt.ncu.edu.tw 的別名為 bbs，則在使用 telnet、ssh、ping 等指令時，我們只要輸入 bbs 做為主機名稱即可，不必輸入其 IP 或是一長串的正式主機名稱。以下為設定範例：
127.0.0.1 localhost.com localhost
192.168.0.1 mydomain.com mydomain
192.168.0.1 mydomain.com.
192.168.0.2 mail.mydomain.com mail
140.115.83.240 bbs.mgt.ncu.edu.tw bbs.mgt
140.115.75.5 bbs.ba.mgt.ncu.edu.tw bbs
|
A.16 hosts.allow：設定允許或拒絕連線的主機
設定允許或拒絕使用本機服務、連線的主機來源。例如你可以在這裡加入拒絕某台電腦使用 telnet、ssh、ftp 等連線到你的機器。在「系統安全」一章詳細的說明了如何使用這個檔案來讓我們的主機更安全
A.17 hosts.equiv：設定遠端信任主機及使用者
設定遠端信任主機及使用者，這個檔案主要是給一些 "r" 系列的服務用，例如 rcp、rlogin、rsh 等。詳細說明請 man hosts.equiv。
A.18 hosts.lpd：設定可以使用本地列表機的主機
我們可以將 FreeBSD 設定成 LPR 網路列表機，而這個檔案是用來設定可以使用本地列表機的主機，只要加入主機名稱或 IP 即可。
A.19 inetd.conf：各項 inetd 服務設定檔
inetd 是 UNIX 系統中用來掌管許多服務的重要 daemon，我們可以修改這個檔來設定 inetd 所要提供的服務。它的格式如下：
#ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/libexec/ftpd ftpd -l
#ftp stream tcp6 nowait root /usr/libexec/ftpd ftpd -l
#ssh stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/sshd sshd -i -4
#ssh stream tcp6 nowait root /usr/sbin/sshd sshd -i -6
telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/libexec/telnetd telnetd
#telnet stream tcp6 nowait root /usr/libexec/telnetd telnetd
|
第一個欄位是服務的名稱，要和 /etc/services 搭配設定。如果要開放某一項服務，只要將開頭的 # 符號移除即可。我們一般可以在這個檔案中設定的常用服務有 telnet、ftp、pop3等。當修改這個檔後，必須重跑 inetd 才會生效。
# kill -1 `cat /var/run/inetd.pid`
A.20 localtime：記錄所在時區設定
這個檔記載你所在的時區資料，你可以經由 sysinstall 來設定時區。該程式會自動將 /usr/share/zoneinfo 中合適的檔案複製一份成為 /etc/localtime。
A.21 locate.rc：快速搜尋檔案的名稱資料庫設定
FreeBSD 會自動依這檔案的內容來建立硬碟中檔案名稱資料庫，以利我們快速搜尋檔案名稱。詳細的說明請 man updatedb、man locate。
A.22 login.access：控制使用者登入權限
用來設定登入系統使用者的權限，我們可以在這裡設定是否允許使用者從 console 登入、從不同區域登入的權限等。
當某個使用者登入後，會先依本檔中的設定來控制使用者的登入來源。這裡所使用的規則是由上往下比對，先符合者優先，也就是 first match wins，來決定該使用者可以登入或是被拒絕。它的格式是以 ":" 分割成三個欄位：
permission : users : origins
我們也可以使用 EXCEPT 的運算符號寫出非常簡潔的規則。群組的設定只有在使用者名稱不符合規則時才會被用到，而且這個程式並不會去查使用者主要的群組是什麼。
A.23 login.conf：控制使用者可以使用的系統資源
這個檔案用來控制不同帳號可以使用的系統資源，它會依照使用者在密碼檔中的 login class 來尋找相對應的 class 設定，如果沒有分類則使用 default 的預設值。請參考「使用者管理」一章中的說明。
A.24 mail.rc：設定 mail 指令參數
用來設定 mail 的參數。當 mail 指令執行時，它會先讀 /usr/share/misc/mail.rc、/usr/local/etc/mail.rc 及 /etc/mail.rc，最後再讀使用者的 ~/mailrc 這個檔。請 man mail，您不必動到這個檔。
A.25 make.conf：設定 make 的參數
當我們在重新編譯 FreeBSD 內附的程式時 (例如使用 port 安裝軟體時)，我們所使用的指令 make 會讀取 /etc/make.conf 來取得一些編譯時的參數。它可以讓你在 make 時覆蓋一些設定而不必去修改 source tree。make.conf檔案一定要使用有效的 Makefile 語法。一般而言，我們會修改一些關於下載檔案的 FTP 站台設定，以從 port 安裝軟體而言，當下達 make install 指令時，make 會去抓一些必要的檔案，如果要去國外抓的話實在太慢了，所以我們會將 FTP 站台設定為離我最近或最快的站台。只要在 make.conf 中最下方加入下列設定即可：
# 當使用 port 安裝軟體時，優先使用中央大學資工系及交大資工的 FTP
MASTER_SITE_BACKUP?= \
ftp://freebsd.csie.ncu.edu.tw/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/ \
ftp://freebsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw/pub/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/
MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE?= ${MASTER_SITE_BACKUP}
|
A.26 manpath.config：設定 man 文件所在位置
設定 man 指令的參數，如 man 的文件所在等。
A.27 master.passwd：使用者密碼檔
FreeBSD 使用 shadow password 的方式來保護密碼檔，只有 root 才可以讀取編碼後的密碼檔 /etc/master.passwd，而一般使用者只能看到 passwd 檔中的資料。但是這並不是系統用來驗証的檔案，為了加快速度，FreeBSD 將該檔做成資料庫 /etc/spwd.db 及 /etc/pwd.db， 因此在修改完 master.passwd 後，必須使用指令 pwd_mkdb 來將 master.passwd 做成資料庫檔案。不過一般而言，我會使用 vipw 這個指令來修改 master.passwd，vipw 會先將 master.passwd 以預設的文書編輯軟體打開，修改完存檔後，它會視需要自動更新資料庫。
它的格式是：
name:password:UID:GID:class:change:expire:fullname:home:shell
# expr `date +%s` + 86400 \* 30
A.28 motd：使用者登入後訊息
系統登入後，會自動秀出一段文字，稱為 Message Of The Day(motd)。這一段文字是可以修改的，你可以編輯 /etc/motd 來製作自己的畫面。如果您不希望 motd 內容出現 FreeBSD 的版本資訊，您可以在 rc.conf 中加入下面內容：
update_motd="YES" |
如此一來，下次您更新 motd 的內容時，系統就不會自動將版本資訊加入 motd 中。
A.29 namedb/：DNS 伺服器設定檔
如果你有架 Name Server 的話，你必須設定該目錄下的檔案。詳細說明請參考「DNS伺服器」一章的說明。
A.30 netstart：啟動網路服務的程式
這個檔案並不會被其他程式所使用，它只是讓你在單人模式下執行，用以啟動網路。而多人模式的網路設定在於 /etc/rc.network。
A.31 networks：設定本地網路資訊
用來設定本地網路的資訊，我們通常不會需要修改這個檔案。
A.32 newsyslog.conf：設定定期壓縮備份檔案
這個檔主要用來定期檢查 /var/log/ 的檔案，設定當 log 到一定大小或是定期的將舊的檔案壓縮備份，並刪除太老舊的檔案。除了 log 外，您也可以用它來設定定時要壓縮備份的檔案。
語法：
logfilename [owner:group] mode count size when [ZB] [/pid_file] [sig_num]
| 欄位 | 說明 |
| logfilename | log 檔名稱 |
| [owner:group] | log 檔擁有人:群組 |
| mode | 該 log 檔的權限(檔案屬性) |
| count | 最多計算到多少，例如 cron 是 3 表示將有四個壓縮檔：cron.0.gz, cron.1.gz, cron.2.gz, cron.3.gz。 |
| size | 檔案最大到多少即壓縮備份，以 KB 計。 |
| when | 什麼時候做備份，請 man newsyslog 來看詳細說明。以 @ 為首代表用 ISO 8601 結構的時間格式。以 $ 為首代表使用每天、每週、每月。 一些例子： $D0 每天半夜十二點 $D23 每天 23:00 時 $W0D23 每週日 23:00 $W5D16 每週五 16:00 $MLD0 每月最後一天半夜十二點 $M5D6 每月第五天 6:00 |
| [ZB] | Z 表示要將該檔以 gzip 壓縮起來，B 表示該檔是 binary 檔。 |
| [/pid_file] | pid 檔的絕對路徑，如果有設定，則會送出 sig_num 給該程式。 |
| [sig_num] | 要送給該 daemon 程的 signal number，預設是 SIGHUP。 |
A.33 nsmb.conf：設定 smbfs 資訊
我們可以在 FreeBSD 中使用 mount_smbfs 來掛入 Windows 網路芳鄰中所分享出來的共享資料夾。而 nsmb.conf 就是執行 mount_smbfs 所使用的設定檔。我們可以設定所要使用的 codepage、使用者名稱及密碼等，請 man nsmb.conf 以取得相關的設定說明。
A.34 nsswitch.conf：設定 nsswich 資訊
FreeBSD 中有所謂 name-server switch，用來控制名稱資訊轉換，例如，當系統要取得 password、group、host 等資訊時，會參考這個檔案以決定要從哪裡得到資訊。請 man nsswitch.conf 以取得相關的設定說明。
A.35 opiekeys：OPIE 設定檔
FreeBSD 內建一種密碼驗證的方法 OPIE (One Time Password In Everything)，就是一種只能使用一次的密碼。而 opiekeys 這個檔案是用來存放使用 OPIE 的使用者設定。您可以 man opie 及 man opiepasswd 以取得更多資訊。
A.36 pam.d：PAM 設定檔
PAM 是 Pluggable Authentication Module 的縮寫。它是 FreeBSD 內建的一種極富彈性的認證機制，您可以參考這個網頁來取得更多關於 PAM 的資訊：http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/pam/；或者如果您安裝時有安裝 FreeBSD 文件，您也可以在下列目錄找到關於 PAM 的說明：
# ls /usr/share/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/pam
A.37 passwd：不含密碼的使用者資訊檔
FreeBSD 使用 shadow password 的方式來保護密碼檔，只有 root 才可以讀取編碼後的密碼檔 /etc/master.passwd，而一般使用者只能看到 passwd 檔中的資料。但是這並不是系統用來驗証的檔案，為了加快速度，FreeBSD 將該檔做成資料庫 /etc/spwd.db 及 /etc/pwd.db， 因此在修改完 master.passwd 後，必須使用指令 pwd_mkdb 來將 master.passwd 做成資料庫檔案。不過一般而言，我會使用 vipw 這個指令來修改 master.passwd，vipw 會先將 master.passwd 以預設的文書編輯軟體打開，修改完存檔後，它會視需要自動更新資料庫。你不需要改 passwd 的內容，只要改 master.passwd 即可。詳細說明請參考 man master.passwd 的說明。
A.38 pccard_ether：啟用及停用 PCCARD 網路設備
本檔用以啟動或停用 PCCARD 網路設備的執行檔。
A.39 periodic/daily：包含每天會定時執行的工作
設定每天要執行一次的程式。該目錄下放的是 shell script，如果你想自行增加的話，只需在該目錄下編輯新的 shell script 並將權限設為可執行即可，或者編輯 /etc/daily.local，加入想要執行的指令。在 /etc/defaults/periodic.conf 中定義了定期執行的設定，以下即為 daily 選項每個檔案所執行的動作：
| 檔案 | 動作 | 預設執行 |
| 100.clean-disks | 清理磁碟，要清除的檔案類型可以在 periodic.conf 中設定。 | 否 |
| 110.clean-tmps | 清除 /tmp。 | 否 |
| 120.clean-preserve | 刪除 /var/preserve 中它舊的檔案。 | 是 |
| 130.clean-msgs | 清除舊的系統訊息。 | 是 |
| 140.clean-rwho | 清除 /var/rwho 中的舊資料。 | 是 |
| 150.clean-hoststat | 清除 /var/spool/.hoststat。 | 是 |
| 200.backup-passwd | 備份 /etc/master.passwd 及 /etc/group 並比對是否有更動。 | 是 |
| 210.backup-aliases | 備份 /etc/mail/aliases。 | 是 |
| 300.calendar | 執行 calendar -a。 | 否 |
| 310.accounting | 移轉 /var/account/ 的檔案。 | 是 |
| 330.news | 執行 /etc/news.expire。 | 是 |
| 400.status-disks | 執行 df 及 dump -W。 | 是 |
| 405.status-ata-raid | 檢查 ATA Raid 的狀態。 | 否 |
| 420.status-network | 執行 netstat -i。 | 是 |
| 430.status-rwho | 執行 uptime。 | 是 |
